1.              On the Great Plains it is believed that one can only understand oneÕs place as a human being by understanding how the                             has been generated.

 

2.              The image of the Plains Indian in fringed hide clothing and feather bonnet belongs to a relatively brief period, lasting from about                          .

 

3.              The migrating herds of                                were central to the economy and spirituality of Plains people.  With                                     and                             people were able to hunt buffalo in new, efficient ways.

 

4.              The buffalo-hunting life was rich and generous, encouraging the development of a multitude of visual arts in:

a.      

b.     

c.      

d.     

e.      

f.      

g.     

 

5.              The tribes of the Plains, Plateau, Great Basin, and California suffered unusually rapid alterations during colonization and settlement.  Many peoples were                            from their homelands, resettled on distant                                            , or forced to accept greatly reduced access to their ancestral                                 .

 

6.              Intensive Christian missionizing led to the diminution of arts used for traditional                                                              purposes, and by the mid-nineteenth century, many of the arts being made were part of a larger intercultural  

                                                 between whites and Natives.

 

7.                                                   roles and                                            expressions have shifted in response to the                                            changes of the last 125 years.

 

8.              Cosmological concerns and a profound interest in history and                          -  

                                    underlie many of the                                                arts made by

men on the Great Plains.

 

9.              Most of the peoples of the Plains had been involved in extensive                   networks prior to the arrival of Europeans which brought, not only material goods like obsidian, flint, and shell; but also, the transmission of

                                     thought and                                                  expression.

 

10.           The                                          region has been a crossroad for many traditions and the art styles show correspondences with those of its neighbors in all four directions.

 

11.           In the areas of California and the Great Basin, there is a great proliferation of

                                    ,                                   , and                                                    used

in ceremonial life.

 

12.           Before the twentieth century, basketry was a central feature of existence, used in all aspects of daily life in the

a.               

b.              

c.               

 

13.           Until the second half of the 19th century, reliance on the                                              was the defining feature of life across the prairies.

 

14.           The buffalo was the primary source of                            ,                                   , and

                                                 for most tribes.  Buffalo skin was the medium for

almost all arts.

 

15.                                   painted historical                                                                   accounts on hides and made                                              which afforded spiritual as well as physical protection.

 

16.                                               made sturdy, portable                                , storage containers,                                                 and                                                    .

 

17.           Almost all arts on the Plains were                                                 .

 

18.           One of the most important functions of art on the Plains, was the expression of                                                                                         and achievement through                                                              on oneÕs self and oneÕs possessions.

 

19.           A universe of meaning could be discerned in the                                              ,

                                    , and                                        designs on clothing, and in the

way that people presented themselves.                                                              

 also revealed much about cosmological concerns and secular hierarchies. 

Ideas about the spirit world and the human relationship to it are expressed in

beaded and painted garments.

 

20.           Individual women tanned hides and decorated them in                                                and                -                                   designs which contrast with the narrative, figural designs painted by men.

 

21.           While individual hide paintings and quilled items reflected an individual womanÕs artistic inspiration,                                       was undertaken as a sacred endeavor, within the structure of womenÕs artistic guilds.

 

22.           Quillwork and beadwork were the main forms of artistic                                            and were valued equally with the male activity of counting coup.

 

23.           On the Great Plains, a womanÕs path to dignity, honor, and long life lay in the

                                     and                                         pursuit of the                       .

 

24.           By the early 19th century, trade                              were such a valued and unique commodity on the Plains that one horse would be exchanged for only                     beads.  The artistic potential of beads was quickly realized.

 

25.           Distinctive regional and tribal differences exist in                                  ,

                                                 and                                                    .  For instance,

Lakota beadwork is usually crafted in bands of lazy stitch with figural or

geometric design and with background colors of blue or                                ;

whereas, Crow beadwork is boldly graphic and favors a light                        and

mauve-pink color contrast.

 

26.           The metaphoric intention of moccasins with beaded                            , is to imply that the wearer is so                                       or so wealthy that their feet need not touch the ground.

 

27.           Fully beaded baby carriers are notable for the lavish artistry expended upon them.  Different tribes not only had distinctive beadwork                                  , but distinctive methods of cradle                                                        .

 

28.           Plains men painted                                       designs on tipis and shields which might include personal war exploits, autobiographical episodes, dream images, or visions.

 

29.                                                            book art shows the transition from the traditional practice of painting and drawing on hides to paper.  Artists continued to record                                                            scenes of horse-capture and armed combat, but they also used this genre to chronicle their rapidly changing lives.

 

30.           Sculpture is another                                      artform from the Plains and includes such examples as catlinite pipe bowls, war clubs carved of wood and antler, ceremonial                                                     , spoons and feast bowls of wood and horn, and horse sticks.

 

31.           In all                                                    performances, including the Sun Dance, visual display of fine clothing, horse trappings and other art objects was (and is) an important aspect.

 

32.           The Reservation Era was a time of profound cultural upheaval for all Plains people.  Many menÕs artistic traditions went into rapid                            while womenÕs                                                         dramatically.  Women had more time to devote to art and as a result many womenÕs arts have come to symbolize the                                                        of the tribe.

 

33.           Beadwork designs became more                           and items were lavishly covered in beads rather than just being trimmed with them.  This practice extended to                   -                                               items which became highly prized and collectable by non-Natives.

 

34.           The introduction of                                      ,                                                and other manufactured goods modified traditional dress across North American in significant ways.  The items were not only highly prized by Native consumers, but they quickly became a                                          with the decimation of the buffalo herds.  Within just a few years the major source of food, clothing, and shelter for the Plains tribes disappeared.

 

35.           Summer celebrations as well as the development of the pow wow as an intertribal dance competition have kept some aspects of traditional arts alive.  Today the                                                          is practiced as an enduring symbol of traditional values and ideals.

 

36.           Cultural resistance, in the form of adherence to Native artistic practices, has persisted as an important element in the                                               of Plains Indian cultures.  Today,                          remains a vital force in the life of the people.

 

37.           Tribes of the                           region were seasonally migratory.  Some depended on the bountiful salmon of the great river systems and plant roots were a staple of their subsistence economy, used for food and as the raw materials for                                            .

 

38.           Plateau                                               , textiles and                                       are highly varied in media, technique and style.  The female are of basketry and twining produced such items as bags, decorative horse gear, and ceremonial regalia.  There is dual interest in                                   and                                         images used in both basketry and beadwork.

 

39.           Women of the California and Great Basin regions were among the most technologically proficient                                           in the world.  Pomo ceremonial baskets have feathers woven into the stitches and often display shell pendants and beads attached to the rim.

 

40.           In California,                                                 -                                   is a male art and basketry production is a                                               art.

 

41.           External market pressures have encouraged the production of over-scale and

                                                baskets by California weavers, which are produced primarily to show the skill of the weaver and for monetary compensation.

 

42.           There are several techniques for producing basketry:              ,                                               and                                         .  By altering the way that warp and weft strands are twisted or positioned, a multitude of designs and patterns can be produced using these basic techniques.