1. Vincent BomberryÕs sculpture, ÒThe Birth of Good and EvilÓ is a visual depiction of the two central themes of Iroquois traditional teachings:
a.
b.
2. The eastern half of the North American continent over the past 2,000 years has had a dynamic history of .
3. Within this complex socio-political context many important forms of and have developed.
4. At least as many Eastern Native Americans have lived in settled communities with sophisticated and institutions as have lived in small nomadic hunting bands.
5. Today, more Woodlands people live west of the than in their ancient Eastern homelands.
6. The continuities of artistic style and imagery that continue to link peoples separated by thousands of years and thousands of miles are all the more remarkable given the profound impacts of:
a.
b.
c.
7. The major subdivision of the Eastern Woodlands is into and sub-areas which is differentiated primarily by the greater reliance on agriculture in the and the attendant differences in ceremonial and political life.
8. Most Woodlands peoples speak languages belonging to three large language
families called:
a.
b.
c.
9. A second vitally important unifying factor has been the trade routes. Over these trade routes came:
10. The phase was followed by an era known as the Archaic.
11. It is during the that the first appearances of the kinds of visually elaborated objects that we call art occur.
12. It is also during this period that the beginning of a 5,000-year-long tradition of building for use as burial sites and ceremonial centers occurs.
13. The Archaic Period is followed by the long and is usually subdivided into:
14. It is in examples of art that the aesthetic approaches which remained fundamental to Woodlands art for nearly 2,000 years are first seen.
15. mound complexes are marked by a geometric precision of design and construction.
16. The Hopewell interaction sphere stretched from Ontario to Florida and was a network of .
17. The desire for trade goods during the Middle Woodland Period ensured the transmission of similar and
throughout the region.
18. Although earthwork building ceased, the makers and their intellectual cultures survived in new locations. The and
of the Woodlands Period
continue to inform later cultures.
19. Some archaeologists now speculate that, on occasion, mound building might also have been a response to of the .
20. The economic basis of social life became the intensive cultivation of which permitted and density capable of supporting some of the most ambitious building projects ever undertaken in the Americas.
21. Building on the conceptual legacy of the Archaic and Woodland era peoples, and stimulated by renewed contacts with ,
the carried:
To new levels.
22. Mississippian mound sites like Spiro were primarily centers, while others, such as were residential metropolises.
23. chiefdoms were linked by a network of trade and
cultural exchange that promoted the diffusion of similar art forms and images over a wide area. These common features have all been associated with a shared religious and political ideology referred to as the
.
24. Among the greatest of all Mississippian works are sculptural rendering of human begins in and .
25. The , and systems introduced by Europeans were far more serious threats tot he survival of pre-Contact Native cultures and languages than the re-adjustments and relocations caused by environmental changes had been.
26. It is impossible to trace the history of art in the East without stopping to try to conceive of the effects of cultural loss. The survivors, pressed from every side, their numbers reduced beyond their ability to maintain their former social and ceremonial institutions, formed new and recombined into new peoples, blending formerly localized and
traditions.
27. The effects of presence and of new trade networks in the northeast were soon felt far into the interior by people who had not yet experienced directly.
28. In the interior, the first half century of contact was generally a period during which the influx of was assimilated to existing , enriching rather than altering
and life.
29. The need to acquire suitable ceremonial gifts was one of the most important motivations for the with Europeans during the 17th century.
30. Exchanges of were regarded as legal transactions confirming that agreements had been made and accepted by all parties because of the ancient significations of:
Carried by white shell. The exchange of strings and woven belts made of this material also invoked and
for agreements made among humans.
31. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the was one of the most important spaces for expression, as it continues to be today in community celebrations and at the modern pow wow across North America.
32. The visual expression of power took many artistic forms, ranging from:
a.
b.
c.
32. The adoption of gave rise to new techniques of ornamentation.
came to replace paint, and came to replace porcupine quills.
33. One major innovation in art production was the introduction of an entirely new type of imagery borrowed from the art of the European immigrants.
34. Many of the objects that were embellished in quill- and beadwork with the new floral designs during the 19th century were made for sale in a rapidly developing
.